Herb Bleuer came to Canada from Switzerland, via New Zealand, in 1969 to work avalanche control at the Grand Duc mine near Stewart, BC. He became a full mountain guide in the Bernese Oberland 2 years later and then found a job heli-skiing at CMH Bugaboos.

Herb was a tireless advocate of the profession of mountain guiding and was the West Coast Director for many years. During his tenure he lobbied the Ministry of Parks and higher levels of government to recognize the ACMG standard as mandatory to guide in BC. And he attended numerous meetings with the Outdoor Recreation Council of BC where he introduced the concept of mountain guiding and heli-skiing as benefits to the region.

Herb's 25 year presence in the Whistler area as a heli-ski employer, a jack of all mountain trades, and a CAA avalanche course instructor, inspired several generations of young skiers and climbers to become certified mountain guides and seek careers in the mountains. His career has spanned a large portion of the modern era of ski guiding, from the early style of seat-of-the pants forecasting to the current style of team meetings and remote weather observations. He is a man who has had the most amazingly wide range of mountain jobs, and is adept at making the right decisions in any hazardous situation.

Swiss born, Bruno Engler (1915-2001) had become a ski racing champion and experienced mountaineer as well as a trained photographer by the time he first came to Canada in 1939. He began working as a ski instructor for Jim Brewster at Sunshine where he lived the quintessential ski instructor’s life, teaching the skill during the day and entertaining his clients with his antics after hours. The following summer he began work as a guide at the Chateau Lake Louise with such veterans as Edward Feuz jr. and Rudolph Aemmer.

During the war Bruno taught survival and mountain warfare as a member of the Canadian Army. During these years he completed many first ski-mountaineering ascents in the Canadian Rockies. Following the war he became interested in film-making. After an unfortunate financial failure involving a trip to northern Canada, he moved to the Crowsnest Pass area where he helped design and build a ski area.

In 1952 he was hired by the Province of Alberta as a photographer and moved to Edmonton. Soon after, he began a forty year career as a freelance cinematographer and film consultant. His outstanding collection of black and white photos taken in the Rockies is a treasured possession of the Whyte Museum and archives in Banff.

One of his greatest talents was that of a storyteller. At this he is said to have been one of the best who ever practiced the art in the Canadian Rockies. During his 35 years of guiding he climbed with mountaineers Frank Smythe, Tony Cromwell, and Georgia Engelhard; politicians including Peter Lougheed, Roland Michener, and Pierre Trudeau; and as a cinematographer worked with movie stars such as Paul Newman, Jimmy Stewart, and Dustin Hoffman.

Syd started guiding at Temple Lodge near Lake Louise Mountain Resort at the age of sixteen. In 1973, he took an Assistant Guide’s course with the Association of Canadian Mountain Guides (ACMG). For nearly 30 years, he worked as a heli-ski guide for Purcell Helicopter Skiing Ltd. Syd showed an early passion for skiing. He skied on Victoria Glacier and around Lake Louise years before the existence of a ski area. In Golden BC, he skied on the hill that today is known as Kicking Horse Mountain Resort. Its location can be attributed to the pursuits of Syd and his colleagues.

To honour his contribution to the Golden community, where he lived with his wife Baeda for many years, Syd Feuz was chosen as the community’s 2010 Olympic Torchbearer

Ilona Spaar. Reprinted courtesy of The Consulate General of Switzerland from the "Swiss Guides" catalogue

Peter Fuhrmann arrived in Canada from Germany in 1955 with his friend Heinz Kahl. Starting out in Edmonton the two made their way to Banff where Fuhrmann, having worked in administration for Shell Oil in Germany, accepted the regional draughtsman position for Banff National Park's public works department Fuhrmann started climbing with Kahl, earning his guide's license with Walter Perren in ]961 by assisting with a rescue on Eisenhower Tower. In July 1968, Fuhrmann was appointed regional Alpine Specialist for Banff, Yoho and Kootenay parks Peter served as president, secretary treasurer, as examiner into the late 1970s and was made an honorary member. He continues to guide the Alpine Club of Canada's classic Rockies Panorama Traverse each summer.

Lynn Martel. Reprinted courtesy of The Alpine Club of Canada

After being inspired at an early age by Maurice Herzog’s book Annapurna and Edmund Hillary’s ascent of Everest in 1953, “Kiwi” arrived in Canada in 1965 on a one-way boat ticket from his native New Zealand. A member of the Association of Canadian Mountain Guides, he worked for 14 years as a guide and manager with Canadian Mountain Holidays, founded by Hans Gmoser in 1957 and now the world’s foremost operator of heli-skiing and heli-hiking tours. In 1978, shortly after the creation of the 4,000 square kilometre Kananaskis Country recreation area in the Canadian Rockies, “Kiwi” became emergency services coordinator for a region now visited by over four million people annually. Over the next 18 years, he personally worked on more than 500 rescue missions and trained a search and rescue team of some 30 members, now recognized as one of the best in North America.

In 1999, his concern for solving the problems of others was recognized by the Government of Canada, who awarded him the National Search and Rescue Secretariat’s “Outstanding Achievement Award for Search and Rescue in Canada.”

Hans Gmoser came to Canada at his friend Leo Grillmair's suggestion; eager to climb He earned his guide's license from Park's Canada m 1953, completing a questionnaire and paying a $2 fee. Gmoser guided summer climbing weeks and ski touring weeks in the winters In 1952, he made the first ascent of Mount Yamnuska's south face, Grillmair's Chimneys, with Grillmair and Isabel Spreat - the first of many ascents that would profoundly influence Canadian climbing. When some clients expressed interest i n using a helicopter to lengthen their ski day, Gmoser followed through Starting with the Bugaboos Lodge in 1968, he built Canadian Mountain Holidays, the worlds first and largest heli-skiing company; now employing over 100 guides every winter Gmoser served as the ACMG's first technical director as examiner and as president in the 1990s He was made honorary president 1997 and honorary member of the International Federation of Mountain Guides Associations in 1992.

Lynn Martel. Reprinted courtesy of The Alpine Club of Canada

John became a mountain guide in 1967 on the second guide course the ACMG ran. John became ACMG president around 1968. He was president from approximately 1968 to 1974.

Only a year after he became a guide John was involved in a small airplane accident near Golden. The pilot Bernie Royal was killed in the crash and John was injured but not incapacitated. After a period of unconsciousness he in a confused state of mind started to walk out to Golden which was about 15 miles away on an old forestry road. It was spring and the snow was bottomless and deep which made a seemingly doable trip a real epic. He struggled for 3 days and in the process of walking out and developed frostbite it his feet which required major surgery. He has a prosthesis on each leg - one 8 inches below and the knee the other mainly of the foot. John was one never to be defeated by such a disability. 18 months after his accident he climbed the gooseberry route on the back of Tunnel Mountain.

John currently still skis at an expert level and occasionally still teaches skiing. He has recently done several weeks of lodge based ski touring and did a first ascent on Robinson peak north of Golden.

Brian Greenwood is a legend in the Rockies, having been at the cutting edge of Canadian climbing in the 1960s. Born in Yorkshire, England, his climbing philosophy influenced by reading Rebuffat, Buhl and Gervassutti, Brian arrived in Canada in 1956 and quickly established himself within the Calgary Mountain Club and racked up an unprecedented resume of serious new routes.

On Yamnuska, his name became synonymous with steep, classic and conservatively-rated routes such as Belfry, Corkscrew, Missionary’s Crack, Balrog, and the most famous of all, Red Shirt, certainly one of the most popular rock climbs in the area. But it was on serious alpine routes that he really established his reputation. In 1957, Brian established the first route up the steep quartzite of the Tower of Babel at Moraine Lake. The following year, with Dick Lofthouse he completed the fourth ascent (and first in one day) of Mount Alberta. Three new routes were completed in 1961: the North Ridge of Mount Babel, the Northwest Ridge of Deltaform, and the North Face of Mount Edith. In 1966, he set new standards of commitment with his new route on the North Face of Mount Temple, the now famous Greenwood-Locke route. But his crowning achievement may well have been the epic East Face of Mount Babel in 1970. Brian’s last serious climb in the Rockies was the North Face of Mount Kitchener, followed by Salathe Wall in Yosemite, which he climbed in 1974. He retired to the West Coast in 1982.

Brian Greenwood was one of the founding members of the Association of Canadian Mountain Guides, but he lists his most important contribution to Canadian climbing as representing an alternative attitude to the sport, which was more attractive to the younger generation of climbers who emerged in the 1960s.

Leo Grillmair grew up in Austria, where at 15 he was training for mountain warfare when WW II ended. After exploring the mountains of Austria and northern Italy for six years, he came to Canada with Hans Gmoser, taking his guides exams with Walter Perren in 1957. A plumber by trade, he ran construction of Canadian Mountain Holidays’ Bugaboo Lodge through the summer of 1967. He was Lodge Manager and head guide for 25 years, many of those with his wife Lynn as chef. Grillmair served as the ACMG’s first secretary treasurer and as examiner, but soon became to busy hosting guests at the Bugaboos. He retired from guiding in 1992 to hike and ski tour and travel the world.

Lynn Martel. Reprinted courtesy of The Alpine Club of Canada

Bruce is equally known to the guiding community. Most of us rely on many of the decision making tools that Bruce has developed. Rutschblocks, compression tests, fracture character and snow profile interpretation are basic tools we take for granted however we owe Bruce the credit for taking these tools from the realm of voodoo to professional practice.

Bruce's role in training is huge. Contributions to the CAA Education Committee, educator on CAA ITPs; and annual ongoing training of Ski and Mountian Guides makes his influence felt through all our winter work. Unlike many researchers, much of Bruce's work had it's genesis in the needs of the guiding community and as such retains a particularly useful and practical bent. We would like to recognize Bruce for his huge contribution.

"Ken Jones (1910-2004) is a real guide, he takes people out, has them do more than they ever thought possible, and brings them home laughing and talking about an early start in the morning." Lizzie Rummel, a mountain legend in her own right, used these words to describe the man who completed two first ascents in the Vermilion Range during the summer of 1933.

Born in Golden in 1910 (or maybe it was 1912, he wasn't sure), Ken was raised on a homestead in the Columbia Valley on what he referred to as a "stump ranch." He was in his second year of medical school at McGill University when the depression hit and his money ran out. He returned home to become a mountain guide, but along the way completed degrees in engineering and biology by correspondence. His experiences with Walter Feuz and Katie Gardiner in 1933 marked the beginning of a remarkable career as a mountain guide. The first alpine guides in the Rockies had been "imported" from Europe in the late nineteenth century and even thirty-five years later all the practicing guides were European. Ken was able, through hard work and a winning personality, to become the first Canadian born mountain guide.

As well as being an alpine guide, his life has included working in the Yukon in the mining industry, becoming a pilot during World War II, training the legendary Lovet Scouts in mountain warfare, training to be a commando himself, becoming accomplished in the construction of log buildings, and studying polar bears in Churchill, Manitoba. In addition, from 1967 until 1974 he was the first warden of Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park.

Ken resided with his family in Nanton, Alberta until his death in 2004. He passed away suddenly and was a regular visitor to the Assiniboine and Skoki areas where, well into his ninties, he led visitors into the mountains he loved and knew so well.

Leo Grillmair recalled that Heinz Kahl "was the happiest character I've ever seen." Don Vockeroth remembered his "tremendous enthusiasm." It brought a great sorrow to the climbing community when he died of leukemia when only 33 years old. Kahl came to Canada from Germany in 1955. With his friend Peter Fuhrmann he first settled in Edmonton, but soon moved to Banff where he worked for the government on highway construction He was already an experienced climber when he arrived, and in Canada he found a land of opportunities. He was a dreamer and always had plans for new climbs His finest routes were on Yamnuska: Diretissima in 1957, and Red Shirt and Chockstone Corner 1962 and 1963. In 1958 he made the third ascent of Mount Alberta.

He was a founding member of the ACMG (the inaugural meeting took place at his cabin near Lac des Arcs), and with Hans Gmoser formed Rocky Mountain Guides which eventually grew to become Canadian Mountain Holidays. Heinz Kahl fought his illness right to the end. In the summer of 1966 he made an attempt on the north face of Mount Temple with Charlie Locke and Brian Greenwood, but was too weak to continue. Just the day before he died he could still be found on the ski hill.

Kahl Wall on Yamnuska is named in his honour.

Rudi Kranabitter grew up in Neustift, Austria and was an avid climber from a young age. In 1968, fresh faced at16, Rudi climbed the north face of the Eiger - one of the youngest ever to climb the wall. Clearly talented, in 1969 Rudi completed the Austrian guides training program and became a UIAGM Mountain Guide at the age of 18.
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In 1972 Rudi came to Canada - not speaking a word of English - to work as a ski guide for Canadian Mountain Holidays, and to lead summer climbing trips in the Bugaboos. He thrived in Canada, quickly learning English and becoming immersed the Canadian mountains. By 1976, Rudi had become involved in the ACMG Training and Certification programs, and he continued in this capacity until last year - almost 30 years.

For many guides Rudi is their most respected icon and mentor. He represents what we all aspire to be: safe, efficient, highly skilled, and maintaining a love for the mountains year after year. In some circles he is jokingly referred to as the “Wayne Gretzky of guiding”.

Yet despite his elevated status, Rudi has always remained firmly grounded. His dry sense of humor is legendary among aspirant guides, having provided countless young hopefuls with moments of panic while being examined - followed afterwards by years of laugher and storytelling. Within the ACMG, tales of Rudi are famous and told with great delight through several generations of mountain guides.

Lofthouse was one of the founding members of the British expatriate fraternity, When he came to Canada in 1954 he had already been climbing several years in the Lake District and was leading climbs of 5.7 to 5.8 standard, At first he had difficulty finding someone to climb with, but when Brian Greenwood showed up they established a partnership that lasted several years Perhaps their finest achievement together was the fourth ascent of Mount Alberta in 1958. It was the first time the mountain had been climbed without a bivouac, Lofthouse returned to England at the end of the decade to do a Master's degree in biochemistry, but by 1962 was back in Canada, By now the CMC was in full swing, and "all the like minded people were getting together."

Lofthouse teamed up with Greenwood and Heinz Kahl in June of that year to finish Red Shirt on Yamnuska. That same year he also climbed Gollum Grooves and over the next few years added Chockstone Corner, Bottleneck and Pangolin his list of first ascents, In 1968, with Greenwood, Archie Simpson and Jon Jones, he made the first winter ascent of Eisenhower Tower on Castle Mountain.

Eric Lomas Originally from the north of England, Eric Lomas took up rock climbing at 18, making four trips to the Alps before coming to Canada in 1955 in his mid 20s. He reached Banff in 1957, took his guide’s exam with Walter Perren in 1960 and operated the Banff Climbing School (BCS) with Peter Fuhrmann in the early 60s. Lomas worked avalanche control for the US Forest Service in Washington Sate, taught skiing and worked avalanche control at Lake Louise under Walter Perren. He was Whistlers ski hill manger before accepting an avalanche control job in Stewart B.C. from 1967 to 1969, where he was the first civilian in Canada to use the avalauncher. Returning to Banff in 1980, Lomas took over the BCS and guided and taught avalanche safety courses with Bernie Schiesser. He served as ACMG secretary treasurer for four years in the mid 80s. He now operates Campbell Icefield Chalet with Schiesser.

Lynn Martel. Reprinted courtesy of The Alpine Club of Canada

Willie Pfisterer grew up in a family of mountain guides near Salzburg, Austria, climbing his first 3000 metre peak at 11 and competing on the national Nordic ski team. Pfisterer arrived in Quebec's Laurentian mountains in 1955 with Frank Stark and taught skiing there. His first Canadian climb was a solo ascent of Mount Sir Donald in Rogers Pass, his first guiding work with Bill Harrison on an Alpine Club of Canada camp. Earning his assistant guide's license in Austria, in 1955 he passed his guide's test in Jasper under Tony Messner.

Pfisterer helped develop downhill skiing in at Penticton's Big White and in Jasper and was instrumental in developing Rogers Pass' avalanche research program. With Walter Perren, he trained wardens through rescue school and in 1968 became Parks Canada Alpine Specialist responsible for Jasper, Revelstoke, Glacier, Kluane and Nahanni parks.

Pfisterer served as examiner on several ACMG guide's exams.

Lynn Martel. Reprinted courtesy of The Alpine Club of Canada

William Lowell Putnam was born in Springfield, Massachusetts in the United States in 1924 and studied geology at Harvard University. Putnam has filled many positions in the American Alpine Club. In 1957 he became the editor of the AAC’s Canadian guidebooks. Later he served as Councillor, Director, Treasurer and last but not least President from 1971-73. Putnam was responsible for overseeing the construction of three mountain cabins in western Canada.

For 30 years he was the U.S delegate to the UIAA and for many years he also represented Canada. Since 1974 Putnam sat on the UIAA Council and he was elected Vice President in 1993. He was the main drafter of the UIAA Kathmandu declaration on the protections of mountains, which was adopted by the General Assembly in 1982.. Bill Putnam is an honorary member of the Appalachian Mountain Club (America's oldest such society), the American Alpine Club, the Alpine Club of Canada, and the Association of Canadian Mountain Guides.

William Lowell Putnam was elected UIAA honorary member in 2002.

Bob Sandford is a well known speaker and consultant on the history, nature and culture of the Canadian West. Bob is an historian, a respected film-maker, a playwright and the author of seven books on life in the Canadian Rockies, as well as two commissioned corporate histories. He has addressed hundreds of conferences and gatherings all over North America on a variety of subjects related to the way people perceive where they live and places they visit.

After working for seven years with the National Parks Service of Canada, Bob Sandford established his own consulting company offering natural and cultural history training for national park operators. Since 1976, his consulting experience has expanded to embrace human resource, environment and tourism issues in more than 70 Canadian private and public sector organizations.

With more than 40 years experience studying avalanches, Peter Schaerer spent most of his career as a senior research officer and head of the Avalanche Research Center of the National Research Council of Canada.

He was instrumental in forming the Canadian Avalanche Association and in setting up professional avalanche training programs in western Canada, now recognised internationally. Peter held the position of the President of the Canadian Avalanche Association from 1981 to 1984.

Peter is a 1999 recipient of the Order of Canada, for his contributions to avalanche safety work in Canada and the world.

Bernie grew up in Moberly BC. With a background in the outdoors and skiing - stimulated by Ken Jones a neighbor - Bernie worked for the location survey over Rogers Pass in 1966 and continued on the following winter as an "avalanche observer". With a BC industrial First Aid background Bernie became the patrol foreman at Lake Louise where he worked with Hans Phillip a Swiss guide. Several serious climbing routes with Hans gave Bernie the skills and interest to further develop his mountain skills. With 2 seasons working for Yoho Park he became the "Alpine Technician" based at Lake O'Hara.

Bernie attended Warden Rock Schools with Walter Perrin which increased his skill and rescue knowledge. In 1967 Bernie attended the second Canadian Mountain Guides course. Starting in 1967 Bernie and John Gow started a mountaineering school for teenagers called High Horizons. Active in the ACMG Bernie became Vice President and then President in 1974 and was president until 1980.

In 1999 Bernie and Eric Lomas started a ski lodge 43 km. North of Golden adjacent to the Campbell Icefield.

As a child in Bern, Switzerland in the 1930s, Hans Schwarz skied to school every day, climbing on limestone cliffs after classes. In the Swiss Army he advanced his skiing and climbing skills to join the elite corps. In 1956 he arrived in Toronto, learned to canoe then made his way to Hinton, AB. He helped cut the Banff-Jasper highway route and worked for Parks Canada at the Whistler's Mountain ski hill. After taking mountaineering and rescue courses through the warden service, he passed Walter Perren's guide's exam in 1962.

Based in Jasper, Schwarz climbed Robson a dozen times. He served as ACMG vice president before becoming president in 1969 and served as assistant examiner to Brian Greenwood on the first exam in 1966. Schwarz retired from guiding in 2000 and was made an honorary member.

Lynn Martel. Reprinted courtesy of The Alpine Club of Canada

Chic Scott was born in Calgary in 1945 and is a fourth generation Albertan and a third generation Calgarian. In 1962 he took up mountain climbing and skiing and these two passions have dominated his life ever since. He was part of the first wave of homegrown Canadian climbers who were to earn their place in this British and European dominated sport.

Chic was the first Canadian to break into the international climbing scene, when for five seasons during the 1960's and 1970's he climbed and guided in the European Alps in the employ of Dougal Haston. During this period he climbed the north faces of the Aiguille du Dru, Dent d'Herens, Les Courtes, the Aiguille d'Argentiere, and the Aiguille de Triolet. In 1973 he was one of the first Canadians to climb in the Himalaya as a member of a British Expedition to Dhaulagiri IV.

Chic founded the Canadian Himalayan Foundation in 1977, served a president of the Calgary Mountain Club (1985-1987), organized The Calgary Climbers Festival in 1988 and founded the prestigious John Lauchlan Award in 1995. Chic's original idea to hold a Banff Mountain Film Fesival has grown into the largest event of its kind in the world.

In 1995 Chic was elected an honourary member of the Association of Canadian Mountain Guides, in 1997 an honourary member of the Calgary Mountain Club, and in 2000 and honourary member of the Alpine Club of Canada. In 2000 he received the Banff Mountain Film Festival Summit of Excellence Award for a life-time's contribution to the mountains.

Frank Stark and Willie Pfisterer came from the same Austrian town; they came together to Canada in 1955. Starting in Quebec's Laurentian mountains, they drove west in Stark's car, taking odd jobs in logging camps and accepting Salvation Army accommodations. When they finally arrived and caught their first sight of the Canadian Rockies, Stark kissed the pavement, having not seen mountains for a year.

Stark was a strong climber and guided with Gmoser on Mount Robson in 1957. He took his guide's exam with Walter Perren that year, but retired soon after shattering his kneecap in a car accident. Hans Gmoser coaxed him out of retirement to work in the Bugaboos Lodge after it opened in 1968. Tragically, Frank was killed in a crash while flying his own plane in 1985.

Chris is well known to most ACMG members. He has been involved in avalanche field work, education and consulting since the mid 1970's. Chris had a key involvement with the early BCIT avalanche courses and as such has been an educator and mentor to several generations of ACMG guides. Several key initiatives have felt Chris's hand including: the formation of the CAA & CAP; the development of the INFOEX - which are major influences to daily guiding decisions.

His contribution to operational training and standards continues to set the bar to which Mountain Guides are trained to. Work in the area of legal defence has strengthened and clarified the standards to which Guides are held accountable. We would like to acknowledge his contribution to professional guiding over the last 30 years.

Ferdinand (Ferdl) Taxbock was born in Vienna, Austria on June 15th, 1942. In 1967 Ferdl decided he would like to visit his father in Mexico, but to enable this trip financially he needed work on the American continent. Canada was the country to grant him a work visa and it was as a farmhand. Ferdl contacted and met with Hans Gmoser who hired him as a guide for the summer of 1968. The general mountaineering camp at Lake O’Hara (1968) was Ferdl’s introduction to the Alpine Club of Canada. As well, he guided climbs in the Bugaboos and in the Banff area. Ferdl states "climbing and guiding in Canada was heaven for me."

Ferdl has been a member of the Association of Canadian Mountain Guides since 1968. Over the years he has been an instructor for guide’s courses and has volunteered with the ACMG, e.g. for the International Meeting in Canada in 1996. He is also a lifelong member of the Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists, and Geophysicists of Alberta. He has volunteered with the “Kids Stay in School Program” where underprivileged children are given ski lessons.

Ferdl continues to be active as a mountain guide, often in the employ of the Alpine Club of Canada, of particular note the “Plus 55 Camps”. As well, each August he is invited back to Austria to be one of the guides for the annual “Alpine Doctors’ Course” held near Innsbruck. In this course, medical doctors learn mountain rescue techniques.

Born in Drumheller, Alberta, in 1937, he was first introduced to mountaineering through the pages of a boy's magazine. Using army entrenching tools as ice axes, his first climbs were along the frozen banks of the Red Deer River.

When he was eighteen years old he moved to the mountains, where every spare moment was spent learning climbing techniques. Before long he was the leading climber of his generation, pioneering Missionary's Crack (1964), Forbidden Comer (1964) The Bowl (1965), Pangolin (1965), Corkscrew(1967) Mum's Tears(1968) and Kahl Wall (1971), all on Yamnuska. They were amongst the hardest climbs North America at the time. Don also excelled as an alpinist, his finest achievement being the first ascent of the Northeast Buttress of Howse Peak (1967). He also made first ascents of the North Face of Mount Biddle (1968) and the North Face of the South Tower of Mount Goodsir (1970).

His climbing achievements and appreciation of mountain environments led to his designation as patron of the 16th annual Alpine Club of Canada Mountain Guides Ball in 2005. Don became a Mountain Guide in 1967 and was one of the first Canadian born members of the IFMGA. He also worked as a trainer and examiner on ACMG Guide Courses.